(1841-1925) Pioneer of management theory. He is generally regarded as the first to question the nature of management and put forward a theory designed to be applicable in all managerial contexts.
Fayol attempted to postulate his theory in such a way that the business procedures he had studied and developed as managing director of a mining and metallurgical combine in France could be applied to any organization, regardless of size or nature. He stipulated that managerial activity should involve five major elements: forecasting and planning; organizing; commanding; coordinating; and controlling. His ideas remained influential for much of the 20th century.

(1852-1928) French general. He replaced General Castelnau as commander of French armies in the Somme 1916. In 1917 he took command of the Army of the Center, fighting the battles of the Aisne, and became commander in chief of French forces in Italy Oct 1917. He returned to France 1918 and after the Armistice commanded the French Army of Occupation in Germany.